Water Treatment Plant (WTP)

A water treatment plant takes raw water — borewell, river, lake, dam, canal or municipal supply — and removes what makes it unfit: turbidity and silt, colour and organics, hardness, iron and manganese, dissolved salts, fluoride, nitrate and micro-organisms. The target is set by the use: IS 10500 for drinking water, the product specification for process water, boiler-maker limits for feed water.

The scheme is dictated by the raw-water analysis. Surface water needs clarification and disinfection; groundwater usually needs iron, hardness or TDS removal; a coastal borewell may need RO. That is why we start from a laboratory report, not a catalogue.

1. Intake and pre-oxidationScreening; chlorine or aeration oxidises iron, manganese and organics so they can be filtered.
2. Coagulation, flocculation, clarificationAlum or PAC dosing, flash mixing, floc formation and a tube-settler or lamella clarifier for turbid surface water.
3. FiltrationPressure sand or multigrade filter for turbidity, iron-removal filter for groundwater, activated carbon for taste, odour and organics.
4. SofteningSodium-zeolite ion-exchange softener removes calcium and magnesium hardness for boilers, cooling towers and process.
5. Membrane treatmentUF for turbidity and micro-organisms; RO for TDS, fluoride, nitrate and salinity.
6. DemineralisationTwo-bed or mixed-bed DM where the process needs near-zero conductivity.
7. DisinfectionChlorination, UV or ozone to drinking-water standards with residual control.
8. Storage and distributionClear-water sump, hydro-pneumatic pumping, distribution network and level automation.

Drinking water for townships, campuses and industries

IS 10500 compliant with residual chlorine monitoring.

Process water

Filtered, softened or DM water to the product's specification.

Boiler and cooling-tower make-up

Protects tubes and exchangers from scale and corrosion.

Groundwater problems

Targeted iron, hardness, fluoride and TDS removal.

Source sampling and analysis → scheme selection → PFD, P&ID, hydraulics → civil and mechanical design → supply and erection → commissioning against IS 10500 or process specification → O&M.